Electrical computer for solving simultaneous equations



F. w. BUBB 2,742,227

ELECTRICAL COMPUTER FOR SOLYING SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS April 17, 1956 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Jan. 2, 1952 A AAAAAAAA vvvvvvvv A AAAAAAAA IN V EN TOR.

F. W. BUBB A TTORNEKS ELECTRICAL COMPUTER FOR SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 llllllll vvvvvvvvv April 17, 1956 Filed Jan. 2 1952 INVENTOR. F. W. BUBB ATTORNEYS By Hwriom FIG. 2

MOTOR FIG. 3

AMPLIFIER ELECTRICAL COMPUTER FOR SOLVIN SlD/IULTANEOUS EQUATIONS Frank W. Bubb, Dayton, himas signor to Phillips Petro leum Company,'acorporation of Delaware Application January 2, 1952, Serial No. 264,394 11 Claims. (11. 235 61) having generally not more than four variables, in larger systems the computations become extremely laborious and for practical purposes such methods of computa:

- tion are extremely limited in application. Those systems having more than four variables usually are solved by methods of successive approximations; however, even this procedure requires a considerable knowledge of mathematics and also tends to become quite laborious.

' A practical method of solving sets of simultaneous equations is that of the Gauss-Siedel method of iteration which 1 'forms the basis fora number of recently developed com puters. These computers usually employ a plurality of multiplying sets of potentiometers upon which the multiplications called for in the equations are performed while the required additions are performed by a summing net- I work provided with current detecting means for indicating the conditions of balance.

. quantities are set on appropriate potentiometers and balancing potentiometers then are adjusted in succession The values of the known for each unknown until a solution is determined. Such a procedure is best suited for setsof-equations which can p 2,742,227 .Pa't e ntecl Apr. 17, 1956 ice A still further object is to provide improved circuit elements for use in electrical computers.

Various other objects, advantages and features of this invention should become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing illustrating a preferred embodiment of this invention in which: c t c Figure 1 illustrates schematically a circuit diagramof the computer of this invention;

Figure 2 illustrates schematically an adding amplifie employed in the computer of Figure 1; and

taneous linear algebraic equations be arranged so that the diagonal coefiicients are large in comparison with the other coeificients. Infrared and mass spectrometry'data generally can be so arranged, and

.for such applications the iteration computers known to the art operate in a satisfactory manner, although some time is required to perform the balancing operations.

However, for the more general sets of simultaneous equations the Gauss-Siedel iteration method cannot al-.

ways be used, and it is toward providing a computer which is adapted for solving general sets of simultaneous linear equations that the present invention is directed, this computer not being limited, for example, to those sets of equations having dominant coeflicients along the principal diagonal. The present computer further is adapted for automatic operation and is not troubled by unstable oscillations which are set up in many of the presently known computers due to the multiplicity of feedback paths employed therein.

Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved computer capable of solving'a general set of simultaneous line'ar'algebraic equations.

Another object isto provide electrical circuits analogous to mathematical equations. 7

A further object is to provide a computer which is -a.-,-ac, =y,- (i=- 1 to n, where n is anypositive integer) i Inord er to clarify this shorthand method of describing the set of equations (1), said set of equations (1) appears as follows where n is taken as 3:

For purposes of explainingthe operation of the present computer it will first arbitrarily be assumed that the following two sets of equations canbe mechanized by an appropriate electrical circuit in order to solve set' (1):

By differentiating set (2) with respect to time, noting that the yr are constants, there is obtained which, when (3) is substituted therein, gives 2 oz] ki k fi i=1 1=1 I c V These equations (4) constitute a set of linear simultaneous differential equations for the quantities E. In the discussion that follows it will be shown that whatever the initial values of the x1 or the El may be at 2:0, all the E1 attenuate exponentially to zero. If this be true, it should be noted that equations (2) revert to the set ('1) so that in the steady state the x represents the solutions to the original set of equations (1). s

In order to solvethe set of differential equations (4) let it arbitrarily be assumed that tuting (5) into the set (4) and cancelling the common factor F there is obtained which can be put into the form where a,,,=0 if i k, and a, =1 if i=k. Equations 7 represent a linear homogeneous set of algebraic equations Substi- 3 for the coefiicients Bk. It should be apparent that a solution for Bk of (7) will exist if, and only'if, the determinant of the set vanishes, that is, if and only it 'n Determinant za,-,-a ,-Af5,- (8) This represents a polynominal of the nth degree in f and Bpi- Therefore, from the set of equations (5) there are obtained the 11 solutions E i=nme =1 to n, i=l ton) 9) Corresponding to the particular eigenvalue f the coefficients Bpi, in accord with (6), satisfy the equations 7L 'IL zla lzla B =Af B (p=1 to n, i=1 to n) It further should be noted that due to the linearity of (4) the sum (p=l to n) of the solutions (9) also is a solution to (4) Since the set of equations (10) are homogeneous, they determine a particular set of the Bpi (i=1 to n) only up to a multiplicative constant Fp. Thus, for each one of the p particular solutions, there is one arbitrary constant Fp (p=1 to n). This provides exactly enough arbitrary adjustable constants to fit any initial given values of the E1 at 2:0, which in effect amounts to fitting any initial set of the an at t=0. Hence, equations (11) constitute the general solution of equations (4).

It further can be proved that the general solution (11) for E1 attentuates to zero as t increases. This is true if every coeflicient f appearing in the exponentials in (11) is positive. For example, consider equations (10) in which the subscript p, which remains constant throughout the following discussion, will be dropped. By multiplying both sides of (10) by B1 (that is, by Bpi with the p omitted) and summing over i there is obtained By changing the order of summation on the left and dividing through by there is obtained f (1 E i=1 Since the denominator of (12) represents a summation of squares this denominator is obviously positive for all values of B1. It further can be shown that the numerator of (12) also is positive. Equations (3) can, by changing the summation subscript k to i, be written as Multiplying 3 by 3') gives E td n) i=1 k=1 n n n 2 2 2 ii i)(E kz' k) :1122 j=l i=1 k=1 i=1 Since the right side of equation (13) obviously is positive, then so must be the left side. However, since the quantities E appearing on the left side of (13) were quite arbitrarily chosen in the first place, the Bs may be regarded simply as a particular set of Es. Therefore, the numerator in (12) is positive. .Since both numerator and denominator on the left side of (12) are positive, it follows that A is positive. But A has already been assumed positive in (3). Hence 1 is positive (that is to say, all the f are positive). It follows that in the general solution (11) all the exponential time functions p decrease to zero as t increases so that all the E1 approach zero. Equations (2) then become that is to say, the x approach the solution of equations 71. E na-=11.-

The computer of the present invention is constructed for solving simultaneously the two sets of equations (2) and (3). This is accomplished by having the transients die out so that the steady solution gives the required values of the x; in equation (1). In order to simplify the explanation of how equations (2) and (3) are mechanized, equation (3) is first integrated giving there is obtained Therefore, in place of equations (2) and (3) the transformed set of equations are mechanized in this computer in a manner such that the solution of the three sets of equations (2), (14), and (15) approaches the required solutions of equations (1) as the transients die out.

Referring now to the drawing in detail and to Figure l in particular, there is illustrated a computer particularly adapted for automatically solving equations (2), (14), and (15). 11 network units are shown schematically, each of which includes a pair of mechanically intercoupled calibratedpotentiometers upon which are set the respective a coeifieients of the equations being solved. The horizontal rows of potentiometer units, for example, the top row consisting of the 11, 12, 1n units are connected to one another in circuit relationship representative of the equations i=1. In like manner the second horizontal row of 21, 22 2n units represents arrows.

the equations i=2, etc. Each vertical column, for example, the left hand column consisting of the 11, 21,

. n1 is connected in accordance with the equations i=1. For simplicity of explanation only the 11 unit, the top row, and, the'left column will be described in detail; it being understood that the remaining units, rows, andcolumns are constructed and function in like manner.

The 11 unit comprises a pair of ganged potentiom eters'30 and 31 having corresponding end terminals 32 and 33, respectively, maintained at ground potential. A suitable dial, not shown, is attached to the mechanically interconnected contactors ofpotentiometers 30 and 31 to provide for the aii coefiicient to be inserted simultaneously on both otentiometers 30 and 31. The second .end terminal 35 of potentiometer 39 is selectively connected through switch 36 to either conductor 37 or 38 which are applied to the output of adding amplifier 40 associated with the i=1 column of potentiometerunits. i The second end terminal 42 of potentiometer 31 is se lectively connected through switch 43 to either of conductors 44 or 45 which are applied to the output of integ rating circuit 46 associated with the i=1 row of potentiometer units. Switches 36 and 43 are mechanically intercoupled so that end terminal 35 contacts conductor 37 When end terminal 42 contacts conductor 44, and end terminal 35 contacts conductor 38 when end terminal 42 contacts conductor 45. The contactor of potentiorneter 30 is connected through resistor 50 to conductor 51, which in turn is connected to the input of integrating circuit 46. An A. C. voltage'representing the constant y term of the equations i=1 also is applied to the input of integrating circuit 46through resistor 52, this voltage" being obtained from voltage divider 54- which ,is coupled across AC. voltage source 55. The contactor of potentiometer 31 is connected through resistor 57 to the input of adding amplifier 40. Units 12,

111 are connected to integrating circuit 46 in a manner similar to the connection of unit 11, while units 21,

' 11 1 are connected to adding amplifier 40 in a manner similar to the connection of unit 11.

With referenceto potentiometer unit ll the coefiicient an is set simultaneously on the two ganged potentiometers 3d and 31. Assuming an to be positive, then switch 36 is positioned to maltecontact with conductor 37, and

switch 43 is positioned to make contact with conductor 44. For the purpose of Writing circuit equations for this computer, the following conditions are assumed (all voltages being taken with respect to ground): the instantaneous v voltage on conductor;37 is an, the instantaneous voltage on conductor 44 is gA1, the instantaneous voltage on conductor 51 is 6 the instantaneous voltage on the contactor ofpotentiometer 3th is V11, the instantaneous input voltage to amplifier 41) is V1, the instantaneous voltage on the contactor of potentiometer 31 is U11, the instantaneous voltage on the divider side of resistance 52 is' y1, resistors 50 and 52 each have ohmic resistances R, potentiometers 30 and 31 each have ohmic resistances r, the instantaneous current through resistor 56 is 1'11, the

instantaneous current through resistor 52 is ii, the instantaneous current through that section of potentiometer 30 from terminal 35 to the contactor is I11, the instantaneous current through the section of potentiometer 31 from terminal 42 to the contactor is 111, and the instantaneous current through resistor 57 is in, all of ii- 1 11 r l A solution of these equations gives" i n t-' 1 R+ 11( u) than 1 part in 2000. Accordingly, equations (16) can be written to a practical degree of approximation as or more generally for any potentiometer unit At the bottom of the left hand column representing i=1 there is shown a schematic representation of an adding amplifier 49 which is illustrated in somewhat greater detail in Figure "2. The input voltage V1, taken with respect to ground, is applied to the control grid of a vacuum tube triode 60 which forms the first stage of a resistancecapacitance coupled three stage amplifier unit made up of triodes 60, 61, and 62. The plate voltage from source B-iis applied to the plates of triodes 60 and 61 through resistors 63 and 6'4,'respectively, and to the plate of third triode 62 through the upper half of the primary coil 66 of output transformer 67, said voltage 3-]- being applied to the center tap of coil 66, one end terminal of which is connected to the plate of triode 62. The second end terminal of coil 66 is connected to the plate of a fourth triode 65, the control grid of which is maintained at a variable bias by resistors 70 and 71 which connect said grid'to the output of triode 62 and ground, respectively. The cathodes of triodes 62 and 65 are conjnected'to one another and grounded through a common resistor 72. As illustrated, the triodes 62 and 65 thus operate in opposition to one another to regulate the net current pulses flowing through the primary coil 66 of transformers 67. The secondary coil 68 of transformer 67 has a grounded center tap so as to provide "output voltages of equal magnitude and opposite instantaneous polarity. The secondary coil 68 also is coupled to the input to first triode 60 by means of a feedback resistor 73. Amplifiers of the type herein illustrated are more fully described in the article Analysis of problems in dynamics by electronic circuits by Ragazzini, Randall, and Russell in Proc. I. R. E., vol. 35, May 1947, pp. 444-453.

The instantaneous input voltage to amplifier 40 is designatedby V1 while the output instantaneous voltages are x1 and x1. Relating to potentiometer 31 the following additional circuit equations are applicable:

where p. is the amplification factor for said amplifier, a solution for equations 18 becomes I R+ 11( u) 18) i U ng 1+ H :61

1+ 11( -'qn) E By designing'amplifier 40 so that ,u. is very large and since is very small, to a close approximation equations 18' can be rewritten as or more generally for any of the lower potentiometer Since it is apparent that the total current flow up to the voltage point designated 61, which is an input to integrator circuit 46, must equal the total current flow away from said point, the following relationship is applicable:

Upon combining the first equation of (17) with the obvious equation In a more general fashion the equations for the ith row of potentiometers can be written which differs from equations (2) only in the right hand member.

Considering now'the currents from the lower potentiqmeters in the left hand column represented by i=1, the following equation can be written j1r+j21+ +jn1=j1 since it is apparent that negligible current flows to the grid of the first stage of the adding amplifier 40; that is, the sum of the individual currents equals ii, the current through the feedback resistance 73. Byusing the first equation of (20) and the simple relationship which can be written more generally for the jth column of otentiometers as It should thus be apparent that equation (22) is identical with equation (15) if In the right hand side of the row i=1 of this computer there is shown an integrating circuit 46. This integrating circuit is illustrated in greater detail in Figure 3 as comprising a velocity controlled servornechanisrn employing tachometric feedback. A motor driven by servoarnplifier 81 and a tachometer generator 82 are connected by a common drive shaft 83. In case direct current is used with this computer, both motor and tachometer generator are direct current devices; in case alternative current is used, these devices should be of the induction type. The input voltage 61, taken with respect to ground, is applied through generator 82 to amplifier 81. By connecting the output of generator 82 in series with and opposing the input voltage 61, the generator volt age remains approximately equal to the input voltage and thus serves the function of a feedback path. Drive shaft 83 rotates a pair of contactors 85 and 36 of similar potentiometers 87 and 88, respectively. An A. C. voltage source 90, properly phased with respect to the A. C. source 55 to provide the indicated instantaneous polarities, is connected across end terminals in parallel of each of potentiometers 8'7 and 88, and thecenter taps of said potentiometers are grounded through leads 92 and 93, respectively. The loop containing servoamplifier 81, motor 80, and generator 82 can be regarded as a voltage amplifier wherein integration is performed by virtue of the proportionality between the speed of the generator shaft and its output voltage, so that the shaft position 0 is the integral with respect to time of the generator voltage. The output instantaneous voltages grit and -gAr takenfrom contactors S5 and 86, respectively, are of equal magnitude but opposite sign. For a more complete description of the integrator circuit herein employed reference is made to Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Radiation Laboratory Series, volume 20, page 305 (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., N. Y., 1949).

By assigning to this integrating circuit a multiplying factor C which is a circuit constant, and taking the negative sign, there is obtained the relationship 9A Cfmdt or for the ith integrator n f6 dt 23 In order to identify equations (2) and (21) there is written (it-ll)6;=E-; 24)

in order to identify equations 15) with (22) it is assumed and to identify equations (14) with equations (23) n+ 1 C' A (26) This last equation (26) givesvthe; integrator constant C.

, to measure :1.-

anta etion (8) it can beseen that theei'genvalues f are'proportional to. t

This means that the f are'proportional to the amplification ratio C of the integrators as'can be seen vfrom equations (26). Therefore, the larger the value of C the more rapidly do thetransients die out, and more quickly does the computer "settle down to the steady state solution of equations (1) thereby resulting in an important feature of the computer since thefspeed with which the transients attenuate to give the steady state solution of the linear algebraic equations can be adjusted by varying the'integrating factor C. Thi'sintegration factor can be increased to'fincrease' the attenuation to such a degree that a solution ofequations (1) can be obtained within a fraction of a second if necessary. 7 Such a property makes the com; puter extremely useful incombination with automatic control mechanisms i ,Frorn theforegoing discussion it should bei apparent that the computer provided by this invention is particularly adapted for sol ving equations inthe form Each equation of the set (1) can first be divided by the largest a coetficient containedtherein so that all of the .iz-'coefficients can be regarded as fractions. Each a co-. efficient isset'on the appropriate pair of gangedpotentiometers, such as'for example, the "an coefficient being seton otentiometers 3i) and 31. Assuming an to be positive, then potentiometer 30 is connected to conductor 37 through switch 36 as illustratedjand potentiometer 31 i is connected to negativeconduc'torfM; Ifsorne' coeffi'cient is negative, such as ate, them the potentiometer connections to the respective conductors are reversed as il- V 'Iustrated for thejl2 unit. on the matrix of the dials, not

shown, which appear "onthe operating face of this computer there is placed'beside each coefiicientdial a switch, such as ganged switches 36and 43, for setting the coefficients either positive or negative as herein described;

Each y term is set on'an appropriatevoltage divider,

appear as voltages are measured by suitable voltmeters such as 96 positioned between condu'ctor 37 and ground Thefeature that the solution s to the equations solved by this computertakethe form of output voltages makes such a computer particularly adapted for automatic control operations. For example, theresults ofaparticular analysis automatically can be inserted into this computer, calculation made thereby, and'the solution output voltages fed directly to suitable control mechanism. Analysis of hydrocarbons byyinfrared spectrometry, for

, example,.is one of manyfieldst-of operation where solutions of simultaneous equations are. involved in control problems." 1

" "Upon consideration it shouldbe apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of this invention. For example, the integrating circuit is in no way restricted tothe particular form illustrated. "Various other mechanical or electronic integrators Well known to those skilled in the art could replace the particular circuit shown in puts from the integrators and adding amplifiersand the i corresponding potentiometer switching arrangement; It

furthen s hould be: noted that while the reference voltages -y1, -'-y z, yiaIe illustrated as being taken from voltage dividers such as 54, any other source of variable v reference voltage can be used in. placethereof.- H

1 Thus, while my invention has been describedin 'conjunction with a-pre'sent' preferred embodiment, I do not intendtobe restricted thereto, but rather only by the scope tiometers, means for summing the voltages taken between the contactors and corresponding first end terminals of each of said first otentiometers, a voltage integrating circuit, areference voltage, means for connecting said summed voltage in opposition to said reference voltage and for applying 'there sulting net voltage to the input of said integratingcircuit, and means for applying the output voltage ofsaid integrating circuit across the end terminals of each ofsaid second Potentiometers; 1i voltage summing, circuitsconnectedfor adding'the voltages taken between the contactorsand corresponding first end terminals of corresponding second Potentiometers in each of said It circuitsrand means for applying said added voltages across theend terminalsof said corresponding first potentiometers in said circuits, said added voltages being said first voltages and representing the solutions of said system of equations. j w 2. The combination in accordance with claim 1 wherein said voltage. integrating circuits provide both positive and negative output voltages of equal magnitude and wherein said voltage summing circuits provide both positive and negative voltages of equal magnitude, and further comprising switching means associated-with each of said pairs of otentiometers, said'switching means being adapted to apply a negative output voltage from an integrating cir cuit across an associated second potentiometer when a positive output voltage from a summing amplifier is applied across the first potentiometer coupled to said associated secondpotentiometer and being adapted to apply a positive output voltage from said integrating circuit across said associated second potentiometer when a negative outputvoltage fromsaid summing amplifier is applied across the first potentiometer coupled (thereto. 3.An electrical computer for determining the n solutions of a system of. linear algebraic: equations having n variables where n is a positive integer greater than unity,

comprising, in combination; it voltage summing circuits;

ng'roups of n firstpotentiometergtheend terminals of the individu'al potentiometers in each group being connected in parallel, the outputterminals of said summing circuits being applied across the end terminals of respective groups of said firstpotentiometers, the contactor settings of said first potentiometers being representative of the coefficients of respective terms in said system of equations; it voltage integrating circuits, 11 groups of n second potentiometers, the end terminals of the individual poten: tiometers in each of said second groups being connected in parallel, the output terminals of said integrating circuitsbeing applied across the end terminals of respective groups of said second otentiometers, the contactor settings of saidsecond potentiometers also being representativelof the coeflicients of respective terms in each of the equations insaid system of equations, the contactors of said first and second potentiometers which. correspond to like terms in said equations having their contactors mechanically connected; n voltage sources each representative of aconstant term in said system of equations;

means for adding the voltages between the contactors and corresponding first end terminals of said first potentiometers in each of said first groups which represent terms in the-same equation, means for applying said added voltages in opposition to the respective voltage sources andfor applying the resulting voltages to the inputs of respective ones of said integrating circuits, and means for applying the output voltages from said integrating circuits across the end terminals of said first potentiometers in each of said second groups which represent terms in the same' where i=1 to n, n being any positive integer, and yr being constants, comprising in combination; n electrical circuits, each representing an individual equation in said system, each of said circuits having n first potentiometers included therein, the contactor settings of said first poten- I tiometcrs representing respective a values, means for applying voltages across the end terminals of each of said 11 first potentiometers representing respective x values, a voltage source representing a y value, means for summing the voltages taken 01f said'first potentiometers between the contactors and respective first end terminals thereof, a voltage integrating circuit, and means for connecting said summed voltage in opposition to said y voltage and for applying the resulting voltage to the input of said integrating circuit; and means responsive to the integrating circuits output voltages for adjusting the x voltages until the input voltages to all n of the integrating circuits each are zero.

5. A computer for-evaluating all n of the x; in a system of equations of the form where i=1 to 11, 11 being any positive integer, and yr being constants, comprising'in combination; n electrical circuits, each representing an individual equation in said system, each of said circuits having it first potentiometer included therein, the contactor settings of said first potentiometer representing respective a values, means for applying voltages across the end terminals of each of said it first potentiometers representing respective x values, a voltage source representing a y value, means for summing the voltages taken ofi said first potentiometers between the contactors and respective first end terminals thereof, a voltage integrating circuit, and means for connecting said summed voltage in opposition to said 3/ voltage and for applying the resulting voltage to the input of said integrating circuit; :1 second potentiometers, the contactor of each being mechanically coupled to the contactor of a respective one of said first potentiometers, and means connecting the output voltages of eachof said integrating circuits across the end terminals of each of the second potentiometers connected to the first potentiometers in circuit with the respective integrating circuits; means for summing the voltages taken between the contactors and respective first end terminalsof thesecond potentiometers which represent like terms in said system of equations; and means 'for adjusting the x voltages in response to sziidlasbmentioned summed voltages until the input voltages. 'to said integrating circuits each are zero. p, I t

12 6. A computer for evaluating all n of the x; in a sys tem of equations of the form where i=1 to n, n being any positive integer, and yr being constants, comprising in combination; n electrical circuits, each representing an individual equation in said system, each of said circuits having 11 first potentiometer included therein, the contactor settings of said first potentiometer representing respective a values, means for applying voltages across the end terminals of each of said n first potentiometers representing respective x values, a voltage source representing a y value, means for summing the voltages taken ofi said first potentiometers between the contactors and respective first end terminals thereof, a voltage integrating circuit, and means for connecting said summed voltage in opposition to said y voltage and for applying the resulting voltage to the input of said integrating circuit; n second potentiometers, the contactor of each being mechanically coupled to the contactor of a respective one of said first potentiometers, and means connecting the, output voltages of each of said integrating circuits across the end terminals of each of the second potentiometers connected to the first potentiometers in circuitwith the respective integrating circuits; means for summing the voltages taken between the contactors and respective first'end terminals of the second potentiometers which represent like terms in said system of equations; and means for applying said last-mentioned summed voltages across the end terminals of each of the first potentiometers connected to the second potentiometers from which said last-mentioned summed voltages are obtained, said last-mentioned summed voltages representing the x values in said system of equations.

7. The combination in accordance with claim 6 wherein said n summing amplifiers each comprises a three stage resistance-capacitance coupled vacuum tube amplifier, an

output transformer having center-tapped primary and secondary coils, the output ot said amplifier being applied to one end terminal of the primary coil of said transformer, a triode having its plate connected to the second end terminal of said primary coil, means for applying a biasing potential to the grid of said triode proportional to the output of said amplifier, said triode and the third tube of said amplifier having common cathode circuits, a common source of'plate potential applied to the center tap of said primary coil, thecenter tap of said secondary coil being grounded, and a feedback resistor connecting said secondary coil to the input of said amplifier.

8Q A computer for evaluating all n of the x;- in a systern of equations of the form where i=1 to n, n being any positive integer, and yr being ing said added voltages in opposition to respective one i of said voltagesourccs, n likemeans for applying he net constants, comprising, in combination; n first and second potentiometers, the contactors of said potentiometers being mechanically coupled in pairs, each of said pairs including one first and one second potentiometer, each of said pairs of potentiometers representing an a respective ax term, the common contactor settings of each of said pairs of potentiometers representing a respective a value; 11 voltage sources, each representing a respective y value; It voltage integrating circuits; n voltage summing amplifiers; and circuit means interconnecting said potentiometers, integrating circuits and summing amplifiers, said circuit means comprising 11 like means for adding the voltages between the contactors and respective firstend terminals of said first potentiometers representing the terms of each of said equations, n like means for connectopposingvoltages to the inputs of respective ones of said integrating circuits, =n like means for applying the output iii-+1..

amaze? nals of each of the second potentiometers coupled to the first potentiometers which are connected to the inputs of said respective integrator circuits, 11 like means for adding the voltages between the contactors and respective first end terminals of said second-potentiometers representing corresponding terms in said n equations, rt like means for connecting said last-mentioned added voltages tothe inputs of respective ones of said voltage summing amplifiers, and 12 like means for applying the output voltages ofsaid summing amplifiers across the end terminals of each of the first potentiometerscoupled to the second potentiometers which are connected to the input of said respective amplifier circuits, n said amplifier output voltages representing respective x values.

9. The combination in accordance with claim 8 whereinsaid voltage integrating circuits provide both positive and negative output voltages of equal magnitude and wherein said voltage summing circuits provide both posiamplifier is applied across the first potentiometer coupled to said associated second potentiometer and being adapted to apply a positive outputvoltage from said integrating former, a triode having its plate connected to the second end terminal of said primary coil, means for applying a biasing potential to thegrid of said triode proportional to the output of said amplifier, said triode and the third tube of said amplifier having common cathode circuits, a common source of plate potential applied to the center tap of said primary coil, the center tap of said secondary coil being grounded, and a feedback resistor connecting said secondary coil to the input of said amplifier.

11. The combination in accordance with claim 9 wherein said n integrating circuits each comprises a pair of potentiometers, a source of voltage applied between end terminals of said potentiometers, the center taps of said potentiometers being grounded, and output terminals connected to the contactors of said potentiometers; a motor adapted to simultaneously rotate the contactors of said potentiometers at a speed proportional to the input voltage applied thereto; and a feedback generator driven by said motor to supply a voltage in opposition to the input applied voltage.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,439,381 Darlington Apr. 13, 1948 2,469,627 Bowman May 10, 1949 2,489,106 Peterson Nov. 22, 1949 2,558,430 Goldberg June 26, 1951 2,595,185 Zauderer et al Apr. 29, 1952 2,637,495 Bubb May 5, 1953 2,656,977 Cummings Oct. 27, 1953 OTHER REFERENCES Electronic Computers, Shannon, August 1946, Electronics, pages -113.

Electrical Analogue Computing, Mynall, July 1947, Electronic Engineering, pages 214-217. 

